ABSTRACT
Search warrants are among the protections that the framers of the US Constitution designed to protect homes and other places where individuals are entitled to privacy against unreasonable searches and seizures. Police may seize evidence found in a search if the evidence, although not described in the warrant, is found during the regular course of the investigation. The exclusionary rule, however, prohibits police from using evidence found in places not described by, or authorized in, a warrant. The Court first recognized the warrantless exception for searches of movable vehicles in Carroll v. United States, 267 US 132, and the doctrine was subsequently widened to include even searches of closed containers in vehicles when police had probable cause to suspect criminal activity. Just as warrantless drug testing is permitted in the school setting, so too it may be applied in other contexts.
