ABSTRACT
This chapter progresses from the classical Western perspectives on administrative and management theory, through the trait theory, and on to the more detailed transactional approaches for leadership theory today, include both situational or behavioral, and contingency. It focuses on modern Western approaches and discusses the collectivism and individualism in connection with leadership so that the biases of the Western tradition are placed in a global context. Leader-member exchange theory (LMX) focuses on the interaction of the leader with various followers and points out the possible detrimental effects of creating in-groups and out-groups. The chapter reviews with the American tradition that emphasized individuals as leaders for the most part until the last twenty years, when team approaches and empowerment began to reinvigorate an appreciation of collectivist approaches. In the United States, the scientific management movement was a reaction to major changes that had occurred in the national economy, which was becoming an industrial power.
