ABSTRACT
The chapter explores the philosophical, anthropological, psychological, and sociological origins of values. Beginning in ancient Greece, philosophers were intrigued by the study and analysis of values, as is evident in writings from Aristotle to Kant on aestheticism, and from Plato to Rousseau on the subject of founding governments and the responsibility of citizens. The studies conducted by Rokeach offer the advantage of reconciling theoretical reflection and empirical validation. One use of the mixed conception of values is Rokeach's test of values (RVS). Batra, Homer, and Kahle discuss social norms and values more thoroughly. Schwartz and his colleagues have proposed the Portraits Value Questionnaire (PVQ), a new and different method to assess human values. Some authors have challenged the circum-plex structure of Schwartz and Boehnke. A possible track for improving Schwartz's Value Survey (SVS) is to use a second-order CFA model with higher-order dimensions such as Self-enhancement/Self-transcendence (SE-ST) and Openness-to-change/Conservation (OC-CO) as suggested by Schwartz and Sagiv.
