ABSTRACT
Between 1880 and 1920, a large new wave of European immigrants arrived on American shores, this time from the southern and eastern parts of the continent. Whereas Western and Northern Europeans constituted more than three-quarters of all arriving immigrants in 1880, twenty years later, 80 percent came from Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Altogether, including returnees and multiple-entry visitors, more than 10 million east-central and Southern European immigrants entered the United States during the forty years preceding the outbreak of World War I.
