ABSTRACT
Communism was no longer a doctrine but a movement. Marx and Engels had established their views scientifically on the basis of German philosophical theory. The overthrowing of primitive Communism was the first and most urgent aim. Wilhelm Weitling came to London in September, 1844. Weitling wrote his Mankind as it is and as it ought to be and was developing the ideas he expressed in his most mature work, Guarantees of Harmony and Freedom, all the leaders of the League of the Just had been living in Paris. The German Workers' Union had been founded in February, 1840, by Schapper and six other members of the League. The views of Schapper and his friends came ever closer to those of Marx. The basic idea of the Union was that man could only attain liberty and self-knowledge by the cultivation of his mind. For this reason every evening was devoted to instruction of one kind or another.
