This conclusion presents closing thoughts of key concepts discussed in the previous chapters of this book. All naturalisms begin with an admiring attitude towards science and its achievements. In many cases this admiring attitude is combined with a contempt or distrust for the way that philosophy has been or is conducted. This combination of views has a long history. Many of the advocates of first philosophy, Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant and Carnap, shared the same admiration of science or nascent science and distrust of philosophy. Descartes, for example, uses scepticism as a device to sweep away the old Aristotelian foundations of knowledge, so that he can build an entirely new philosophy that makes room for the new mathematical sciences. Kant and the positivists are both concerned to show how pseudo-philosophical questions arise when we violate the preconditions for the possibility of thought or the framework of meaningful discourse.