ABSTRACT
Chapter 8 presented perspectives on self-regulated strategies for L2 reading and writing. This chapter addresses self-regulated strategies for a range of skill areas and subareas: listening, speaking, phonology, pronunciation, oral communication in general, and pragmatics for oral communication. Although people often think that L2 speaking is the most difficult skill of all, L2 listening is as difficult as speaking because it often requires split-second comprehension followed by and expectation of a meaningful response. Speaking competence very much depends on listening comprehension, and both listening and speaking require explicit instruction (Field, 2012; Thornbury, 2012). Speaking cannot be understood without phonology, pronunciation, and pragmatics. Strategies for all of these areas are touched upon in this chapter. The first section concerns L2 listening strategies, followed by sections on strategies for phonology, pronunciation, speaking/oral communication, and pragmatics.
