ABSTRACT
The main characteristics of frame systems can be better understood by comparing with post and lintel systems. The horizontal elements in post and lintel systems work with bending stress, and the vertical elements work with compression. Common elements which make up frame systems are beams, columns, slabs, partition walls, stairs foundations, and expansion joints. The portal method is an approximate method of analysis of the effect of horizontal forces on frame systems that are not slender. There are many structural engineering books concerning earthquake-resistance of buildings, such as Charleson's Seismic Design for Architects: Outwitting the Quake. Structural guidelines for frame and shear wall systems can be presented under the following three categories: general structural guidelines for all structural materials, structural guidelines for reinforced concrete frame systems, and structural guidelines for steel frame systems. The tectonics of contemporary architecture can be more playful than both the tectonics of traditional architecture, and the tectonics of engineering structures.
