ABSTRACT
On any given day more than 2.2 million people are incarcerated in thousands of jails and hundreds of prisons across the United States (Glaze & Herberman, 2013). By midyear 2011, one in every 108 adult residents of the United States was either in prison or jail. The overwhelming majority of those incarcerated is male, and racial minorities make up a disproportionate number of those behind bars (Carson & Sabol, 2012). In 2010, expenditures for state prisons were more than $38 billion (Kyckelhahn, 2012). About 80% of state expenditures for correctional services are devoted to prisons. For a variety of reasons, the prison traditionally is our response to crime.
