ABSTRACT
The concept of fiction as labyrinth that Latin American writer Jorge Luis Borges was later to express was already developing in James's fiction. In James's fiction, sexual betrayal often served as a metaphor for the more significant betrayal of honor. Once the United States declared war in 1917, two million soldiers served in the American Expeditionary Forces; of those, 49,000 were killed and more than 230,000 were injured. By the time Hemingway was crafting his In Our Time prose poems in 1923-24 and giving the readers sympathetic to Modernism such well-imaged phrases as 'separate peace', he had himself been to war. When Hemingway left Kansas City and joined the Red Cross volunteer forces in Italy, the United States was still a non-combatant in World War I. Reminiscent of Eliot's J. Alfred Prufrock; Dos Passos's Martin Howe survives the war but only in part. In countless ways, the writing of John Dos Passos reflects many of concerns.
