ABSTRACT
For too long, construction prices have been established at the end of a detailed design process. There was an emphasis on aesthetics, short tender periods and a rush to site without giving due consideration to meeting a price target and whole-life cost. There was often a reliance on bills of quantities to be used as means of appointing a contractor. When budgets were exceeded, design changes were made in what are now called Stages 3 and 4, which could undermine design objectives and undo an integrated design.
