ABSTRACT
This chapter outlines different types and levels of defenses. It examines character defenses, such as passivity or defiance, and tactical defenses against emotional closeness. In addition to working with specific defenses against specific feelings, understanding how defenses can be knit together to form a resistance or barrier to closeness, including with the therapist, will be elucidated. The notion that the excessive use of defenses is associated with elevated levels of psychopathology has been supported by research. Depression is often the result of excessive use of defenses against the patients' feelings, wishes, and desires. In addition to formal defenses, designed to prevent the patient from experiencing anxiety-provoking feelings, wishes, and fantasies, Davanloo has identified another set of defenses, referred to as 'tactical' defenses. Since defenses against emotional closeness prevent patient and therapist from making a genuine emotional connection, they must become the focus of treatment.
