ABSTRACT
This chapter explores different ways that Latin Americans perceived and responded to US power. Jose Enrique Camilo Rodo challenged US cultural domination justified by economic dynamism and military power. At the end of the nineteenth century, and into the first third of the twentieth century, many Latin American intellectuals became critics of US power in Latin America. Although intellectuals, artists, and workers critiqued US culture in general terms, diplomats and legal scholars focused on more concrete issues. In revolutionary Mexico, concerns about US power were less abstract. In the Dominican Republic, there was only minor initial resistance to the landing of US marines in 1916. Armed rebellions against the occupations and protectorates in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua were the most direct challenge to US power in the region from the 1910s to the 1930s. Vicente Lombardo Toledano believed that constructing an egalitarian society required limiting, or even eliminating, private foreign capital from the region.
