ABSTRACT
From antiquity to the present, architecture has required the contribution of numerous parties.In ancient Greece and Rome, the training architects received balanced theoretical and technical knowledge; however, in practice, few formal distinctions separated the work of architecture from that of engineering, city planning, and the many trades associated with construction, such as stone masonry, carpentry, metalwork, and sculpture. The master-builders of the medieval period typically rose from the ranks of the building trades and took part in construction alongside their crew.1 During the Renaissance, architects became more detached from a project’s physical labor, their roles as professional designers acquiring higher status and commanding wide respect. Facilitated by new modes of drawing, this shift from constructor to conceiver enabled them to operate at greater distances from construction sites while still communicating their ideas and instructions to the essential participants-workmen, as well as the patrons, administrators, and officials involved in the building process.2 Spurred by the Industrial Revolution, the steadily increasing size and complexity of projects led to higher and higher levels of specialization in architecture. New typologies, such as the skyscraper, required architects to interact with professionals in emerging allied fields: among them, construction managers as well as structural, civil, and mechanical engineers.3 Throughout the twentieth century, the scale and complexity of projects only increased, resulting in ever-higher levels of specialization and professionalization.
