ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the modern forms of the organization that is, the organizations that have existed for one hundred and fifty years since the transformation of capitalism, a period that includes the erection and fall of Francois Bourdon's hammer in Le Creusot as a symbol of the second Industrial Revolution. The word organization first and foremost refers to how parts are arranged in a whole. The whole can be all-encompassing, as in an empire or a general society, or may be more modest as, in a village or a home. Bankers and innovators channelled resources, while rural-urban migration enabled the extraction and processing of raw materials and their transformation into the more and more sophisticated products and equipment that brought about the Industrial Revolution. It was at this time, during the mid-nineteenth century, that a reversal transpired between the socio-political organization and the productive organization of a territory.
