ABSTRACT
The Russian translation theorist Yakob Retsker describes several types of relationship between a source language and a target language. Retsker's two other categories of correspondence and transformation, which his compatriot Shveitser renames 'analogy' and 'adequacy'. Analogy covers the situation of one-to-many correspondences between languages. In the cases of adequacy the translator departs from the wording of the original, and from the dictionary offerings, to use one of four translation techniques such as Concretization, Logical derivation, Antonymic translation, Compensation. Retsker and Shveitser's taxonomies are only two of quite a large number of attempts to formalize the procedures involved in translation. The translation techniques namely: 'borrowing', 'calque', 'literal translation', 'transposition', 'modulation', 'equivalence' and 'adaptation', each of which can be applied at the linguistic levels of lexis, grammar and text. In addition to the translation techniques, Vinay and Darbelnet refer to the concepts of 'dilution'/'concentration' and 'amplification'/'economy'.
