ABSTRACT
Between August and October 1918 the Central Empires and their allies were in their last throes, no longer able to articulate any strategic plan. Just a few months before, after the peace of Brest-Litovsk with Russia and the “bread peace” with Ukraine, and as Romania left the conflict, it had seemed that Germany and Austria-Hungary might still prevail. But after the German offensive against Paris failed in July 1918, it became apparent that the superior resources of the United States would be the determining factor in depriving the Central Empires of any chance of victory.1
