ABSTRACT
Modern management methods have arisen in the course of the twentieth century as a response to a series of problems that faced the owners and controllers of companies. Not least of these problems were those associated with the rise of monopoly capitalism, particularly the integration of a managerial hierarchy, which promotes the growth of sub-divisions and specialisms within management. The implication of this development for majority of managers is that instead of standing in the place of the owner at the factory, as the embodiment of capital on the ground, they have had their class position reduced to that of the new middle class. The growing size of companies since the Second World War has transformed management structures and the more informal organisation, granting managers more power and autonomy, is increasingly rare. The critics of managerialism, intent on identifying the actions of managers with the interests of the owners, similarly placed no importance on the employment relations of managers.
