ABSTRACT
In England, the public health movement emerged out of concern with the environmental determinants of health such as clean water and air. The rise of medicine and the expansion of health care, however, shifted attention towards individual-level biological and behavioural determinants. Together these reports present an extensive evidencebase on the determinants of health and health inequalities throughout the lifespan. Models of increasing sophistication have been developed in relation to the social determinants of health, emphasizing the social production of health through, for example, levels of income and education, type of employment, quality of material environment, forms of lifestyle, and so on. More fundamentally, Graham differentiates the social determinants of health from the social processes that give rise to the unequal distribution of social determinants something implicit in the models discussed above. Individual-level factors in the form of genetic determinants of health, illness and disease have re-emerged as a central concern of public health.
