ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the participatory rights of minorities in the formulation and implementation of policies affecting languages and cultures. It differentiates between participation through general cooperation between state organs and civil society and official mechanisms of participation, such as national cultural autonomy, advisory councils and elected bodies. Participatory rights are essential in the formulation of effective minority policies for the protection of distinctive cultures, reflecting their beneficiaries' needs and interests. Three factors impair cooperation between minority associations and state institutions, which inter alia affect minority participation in shaping policy-making on matters impacting upon their cultural rights: a superficial discourse on minority issues; the discretion of public officials in their cooperation with civil society; and civil society's vulnerability. Russian authorities may respond to civil society's initiatives for the promotion of minority cultures in the any of the ways: through cooperation and support; with indifference and disinterest; or by erecting walls around civil society activity.
