ABSTRACT
This chapter describes that there are different kinds of minds. It examines the similarities and differences between adult human minds and the adult minds of other species. They can also look at the development of other species of minds in order to better understand the organizational structure of mind. Using the calibration method, they start with a theory about the nature of some mental property, and then they use that theory to make a considered judgment about whether some animal has that property, and use that judgment to empirically investigate the property. Before they turn to the central questions of investigation, they examine the methodologies used by scientists to study animal minds. After considering the science of animal minds, they will be well placed to use the calibration method to examine specific issues in the philosophy of mind and psychology, the nature of consciousness; rationality, concepts, and belief; communication; social understanding; and finally, moral psychology.
