ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses polluter pays principle, preventative approach, precautionary principle and producer responsibility. It provides an overview of policy instruments, legal instruments, fiscal measures, market based measures and education and awareness schemes and examples of environmental policies, principles and implementation measures. Policy generally drives the creation of legislation and fiscal measures such as tax regimes and incentives such as grants and education programmes. Arising from Agenda 21 has a number of fundamental principles that increasingly shape and inform international, national and corporate policy. The advantages of non-legal instruments are allow individual flexibility and choice of action based on personal circumstances and taxation can raise revenues to be invested in causes supporting the environmental issue in question. The chapter talks about environmental issues that include climate change, ozone depletion, water pollution, biodiversity loss. It is the essential guide for students who preparing for the IEMA Associate Membership Exam and NEBOSH Diploma in Environmental Management.
