Introduction

Workplaces have over the last four decades changed dramatically (Sparks et al., 2001). There has been the information technology (IT) revolution; introduction of techniques into the public sector from commercial businesses (New Public Management); and more recently the catastrophic failures of the global banking system resulting in reduction of staff numbers and pressure on service delivery. There can be little doubt that the criminal justice system (CJS) and its agencies are affected by the present turbulence. Many governments are engaging in reform programmes and responding to the stark realities of the economic downturn. Private companies are now running prisons (Andrew, 2006) and are involved in delivering policing services (Cheer, 2013; Rhodes, 2013).