§ I. Problems of Animal Psychology; Deficiencies of the Science. § II. Methodological Rules. § III. Acts of Cognition and Recognition among Animals. § IV. Association Among the Lower Animals.

IN the preceding lectures we have considered the associative and intellectual processes of consciousness, first in their general and normal features and then under the various aspects which they present in mental disturbance, dreaming, and certain conditions related to that of sleep and dreaming. There now remains one last question, the answer to which is important if we are to understand the nature of these processes and their relation to the other functions of the mind, the question of animal intelligence, or, to express it more exactly, of the nature and significance of those animal actions the conditions of whose origin lead us to refer them to mental processes similar to our own associations, and possibly even to our own processes of judgment and inference.