This chapter discusses Ashkenazi liturgical music in Israel. In Israel various universities do offer courses in Jewish music - but often with an emphasis on the Sephardi style and tradition at the expense of a deeper understanding of Israeli Ashkenazi nusaḥ. Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation had always been more lenient on this subject than the modern Sephardi usuage in most of present day Israeli Ashkenazi synagogues. Jewish spiritual music not only consists of ḥazzanut, but includes ḥasidic music and the art of the klezmer. Certain social factors in Israeli religious society have not exactly made the professional role of the cantor easy. In the USA both the reform (HUC) and the conservative movement (JTS) and the orthodox Yeshiva University has rectified this situation. It is often difficult for a cantor without going through one of these programmes to get himself a permanent job in an affiliated temple or synagogue.