The next rung in the cultural engagement ladder is the cultural mapping of the preferred interactional patterns of the target ethnic group (Graham, 1993; Valle & Martinez, 1985). When engaging the more traditional, culture-of-origin-oriented client group members the practitioner proceeds to (a) clearly identify the ethnic group member's expectations about the establishment of rapport and trust; (b) be mindful that, if a bicultural-pair is making the contact, the rules for establishing cultural rapport remain the same; (c) be prepared for the presence of informal second opinions within the caregiving situation; (d) understand and be able to work within the realities of such a decision-influencing network; (e) tune into the ethnic family's help-seeking and helpaccepting patterns; and (1) develop an overall repertoire of techniques for identifying the ethnic group's interactive patterns, to include the presence of non-kin (fictive kin) members (Boston, 1992; Cowgill, 1986; Elliot et a!., 1996; Gaines, 1988-1989; Gonzalez, Gitlin, & Lyons, 1995; Moore Hines et aI., 1992).