ABSTRACT
In the early 1960s, the Stockholm psychophysics laboratory, under the direction of Gösta Ekman, conducted preliminary studies concerning the estimation of stimuli not directly viewed at the time of judgment, but experienced at some time in the past. In the first wave of experiments, Björkman, Lundberg, and Tarnblom (1960) had subjects judge the ratio between a stimulus directly perceived and a recalled stimulus designated by a name learned previously. Additional studies tested more unusual stimuli, such as the distance between cities of the world (Ekman & Bratfish, 1965), a paradigm that led eventually to the psychophysical study of “cognitive maps” (Baird, 1979). The experimental situations of interest in this chapter, however, are those in which subjects recall simpler objects such as lines, circles, and balls.
