ABSTRACT
The planner, according to Geddes, had the complicated role of studying the city and its society, discerning their unique hidden inheritance, and ennobling these through comparison to past achievements; it was a parallel transformation, aiming at the creation of both proper City and Citizenship. Education was thus an indispensable part of planning, serving the goals of both Civics and eugenics by promoting personal improvement and by enabling the community to be aroused to its urban past and preparing for its study. 1 Geddes found geography to be the most appropriate discipline for his stated goals, basing both his planning and his educational conceptions upon its axioms. Geography was a synthetic science, representing the universe as a whole 2 while also allowing to understand the city as a microcosm. 3 As such, geography would aid civic consciousness to rise from the city to the nation and even to larger geographical units such as the British Empire; 4 this would be geography at the service of world peace. 5
