ABSTRACT
Systematic learning programs outside mainstream schools have long existed but rapidly expanded in the last two decades. This chapter examines these activities, including supplementary programs for migrants and disadvantaged children (neighbourhood homework clubs, local government initiated learning assistance programs, and non-profit fulltime support schools), for long-term school absentees (futôkô), and for students in general (shadow education coaching programs in the private sector). Alternative programs include full time ethnic schools to maintain heritage languages and cultures, and Anglophone international schools. The relationship between regular schooling and nonformal education has become more interactive and collaborative, with some convergence; and signals a greater role for the nonformal sector in the future.
