ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the collective findings from the preceding chapters about Japanese schooling. It shows that, compared to three decades ago, the system of education increasingly acknowledges the need to address student diversity of all kinds, and delivers options that are more varied and flexible. But Japanese debates on social justice in education have centred on equal educational opportunities, with the focus on simple equality. Fewer questions have been raised about how the content of schooling, and academic assessment might explain the educational underperformance of some social groups.
