ABSTRACT
Aside from confessions, convictions based on other forms of evidence obtained by allegedly illegal or unfair means are regularly challenged in the appellate courts. Such evidence may take a variety of forms, but commonly falls into three main areas: (1) cases dealing with failure to abide by the protocols laid down by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and the Codes of Practice; (2) cases involving covert surveillance; and (3) cases involving tricks or so-called entrapment evidence.
