ABSTRACT
Key economic elements vary greatly between and within zones however, and some have been highlighted in comparing country NR expenditures. The structure of estates also entails economies from vertical integration, albeit usually minor compared to those for SR. Interventions entailing infrastructures, research facilities and trade-quality regulation fall in the subset of the market failure argument regarding public goods. Malaysia and Indonesia are treated at greater length, for their situations highlight important contrasts in economic pressures impinging on NR. The organizational structure of Malaysian smallholdings has been much affected by both government intervention and economic change. Private rubber traders remain an indispensable adjoining nexus to the organizational structure of Malaysian smallholdings, and still took 7080 per cent of their rubber output in the early 1990s. Geographical location is favourable for the chief NR-growing areas in Sumatra, and also good for the significant further cultivation districts in western and central Kalimantan.
