The science to which there is an allusion in so much of current management literature is no longer the science of P.W. Taylor, it is now social or behavioural science.

Bendix (1956 : 338) makes the simplest possible statement of management's concern: 'The management of large scale enterprises will be greatly facilitated if workers as well as managers regard their daily workas a token of their allegiance. Sincenon-co-operation in any form presents a problem to management, it is reasonable to expect a constant and perhaps an increasing concern with inducing a co-operative attitude among the employees.' Benevolence was not enough and human relations approaches have been largely discredited, because they are not well-founded in theory, have not always been rigorously applied, and have been subjected to very damaging criticisms.