ABSTRACT
The Gottschalk–Gleser Cognitive Impairment scale has been tested and used with children (ages 6–16 years) and late teenagers (17–19 years). Normative scores on the Cognitive Impairment scales are available (Gottschalk, 1982; also see Appendix), and these provide percentile and T-scores. Cognitive impairment scores above the 80th percentile are of possible diagnostic value, and such scores can motivate the clinician to consider carrying out more definitive neuropsychological testing to corroborate or disaffirm the screening signs of the cognitive impairment scores. The clinician may prefer to make clinical judgments on the basis of T-scores, and these are also available for children (see Tables 5.1 and 5.2). A T-score of 70 or greater or of 30 or less would be equal to or greater than 2.00 standard deviations from the normative score and can be considered significantly different at the .05 level of confidence on a one-tailed test. Regression Models and Outcomes
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Model |
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|---|---|---|
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> TPT = 29.89 − 6.87 ( IIIB 5 ) .006 − 6.91 ( IIIB 1 b ) .003 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_15_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.24 |
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> TPT-Memory = 7.73 − 0.59 ( IIB 1 b ) .004 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_16_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.15 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> TPT-Location = 2.53 − 0.69 ( IIB 1 b ) .01 − 1.46 ( IIB 5 ) .009 + 5.99 ( IIC ) .03 + 0.79 ( IIIA1x ) .02 + 3.82 ( IIIA 3 ) .01 + 1.33 ( IIIB 2 c ) .02 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_17_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.46 |
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|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Tapping = 43.39 + 8.61 ( IAI ) .01 − 13.39 ( IB 2 ) .007 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_18_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.22 |
|
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Trails A = 84.67 − 16.56 ( IB 2 ) .04 + 66.82 ( IIA ) .04 − 5.81 ( IIB 5 ) .05 + 40 ( IID1 ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_19_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.26 |
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Trails B = 280.23 − 118.46 ( IB 2 ) .0007 − 40.63 ( IIIA 1 ) .05 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_20_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.27 |
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Categories = 145.69 − 13.72 ( IA 1 ) n.s. − 5.88 ( IIB1b ) n.s. − 14.14 ( IIB 5 ) n.s. + 67.15 ( IIC ) n.s. + 5.18 ( IIIA 2 b ) n.s. − 6.18 ( IIIA 2 b ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_21_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.28 |
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Speech Perception = 53.48 − 6.51 ( IIB 2 ) n.s. − 5.12 ( IIIA 1 ) n.s. − 3.82 ( IIIB 1 b ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_22_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.28 |
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|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Seahorses = 24.99 + 10.15 ( IIF 1 ) n.s. + 6.97 ( IIF 2 ) n.s. − 2.12 ( IIIA 1 ) n.s. − 2.55 ( IIIA 1 x ) n.s. − 1.43 ( IIIB 1 a ) n.s. − 0.73 ( IIIB 1 b ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_23_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.22 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Wisconsin Card Sorting = 2.77 + 2.07 ( IC 2 ) .005 − 0.98 ( IIIB 1 b ) .03 − 5.38 ( IIIB 2 a ) .002 + 1.65 ( IIIB 2 c ) .001 + 0.97 ( IVB ) .02 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_24_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.47 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Digit Symbol = 45.23 − 7.07 ( IIB 5 ) .008 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_25_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.13 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Digit Span = 11.78 − 0.99 ( IC 3 ) − 0.64 ( ID 2 ) n.s. + 4.81 ( IIC ) n.s. − 10.23 ( IIF 2 ) n.s. − 0.94 ( IIIB 1 b ) n.s. − 0.13 ( IIIB 2 b ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_26_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.26 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Block Design = 31.70 − 15.99 ( IIB 1 ) n.s. + 8.99 ( IIE 1 ) n.s. − 3.13 ( IIIA 2 b ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_27_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.12 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Object Assembly = 29.78 − 17.68 ( IIB 1 c ) .003 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_28_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.16 |
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a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Rod/Frame = 8.63 − 0.57 ( IIIA 2 a ) .001 − 3.78 ( IIIB 2 Ba ) .003 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_29_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.27 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Benton Visual Retention Test = 6.12 − 3.59 ( IIE 1 ) .03 − 1.47 ( IIIA 2 b ) .01 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_30_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.15 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Shipley Hartford-Verbal = 31.72 − 3.31 ( ID 2 ) .01 − 10 .57 ( IIB 1 c ) .004 − 12.77 ( IID 1 ) .02 + 9. 68 ( IIE 1 ) .02 − 3.84 ( IIIA 2 c ) .02 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_31_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.42 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Shipley Hartford-Abstract = 10.20 − 2.57 ( IIIA 2 c ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_32_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.04n.s. |
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Values used in our calculations (if different from normal clinical usage):
TPT, 45.0 (TFT total time).
Trails A, 120 (time to complete task).
Trails B, 360 (time to complete task).
Categories, 208 (number incorrect).
Rod/Frame, 10.0 (mean deviation from zero, poorest of two sides).
Regression Models and Outcomes|
Model |
||
|---|---|---|
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> TPT = 41.85 − 5.70 ( IIB 5 ) .01 − 5.32 ( IIIB 1 b ) .01 + 0.71 ( Educ. ) n.s . b − 0.38 ( Age ) .002 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_33_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.39 |
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> TPT-Memor y = 9.44 + 3.28 ( IA 2 ) .01 − 0.52 ( IIB 1 b ) .006 − 1.12 ( IIIA 2 b ) .02 + 0. 13 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.04 ( Age ) .02 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_34_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.40 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> TPT-Location = 4.97 − 0.66 ( IIB 1 b ) .01 + 6.25 ( IIC ) .02 + 2.45 ( IIIB 2 b ) .003 + 1.40 ( IIIB 2 c ) .02 − 0.03 ( Educ. ) n.s. − .06 ( Age ) .02 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_35_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.43 |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Tapping = 47.97 + 9.31 ( IAI ) .01 − 14.10 ( IB 2 ) .006 + 0.46 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.15 ( Age ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_36_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.26 |
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|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Trails A = 102.30 − 16. 34 ( IIB 2 ) .05 + 2. 56 ( IIB 3 b ) n.s. − 5.64 ( IVB ) .04 − 0.35 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.42 ( Age ) .005 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_37_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.28 |
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Trails B = 312.07 − 13 2.00 ( IB 2 ) .0002 + 7.35 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 1.70 ( Age ) .004 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_38_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.35 |
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Categories = 190.77 − 6.9 0 ( IIB 1 b ) .02 + 73.01 ( IIC ) .02 + 0.76 ( Educ ) n.s. − 1. 34 ( Age ) .0002 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_39_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.37 |
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Speech Perception = 60.64 − 4. 84 ( IIIA 1 ) .04 − 2.40 ( IIIA 2 b ) n.s. − 2.55 ( IIIB 1 a ) .0002 − 2.40 ( IIIB 1 b ) n.s. − 0.07 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.14 ( Age ) .03 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_40_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.35 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Seahorses = 22.19 + 13.79 ( IIF 1 ) .05 + 0.33 ( Educ. ) n.s. + 0.01 ( Age ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_41_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.0.9n.s |
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Wisconsin Card Sorting = 6.64 + 0.90 ( IA 1 ) n.s. − 5.24 ( IIIB 2 a ) .003 + 1.14 ( IIIB 2 c ) .05 + 0.03 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.07 ( Age ) .006 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_42_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.38 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Digit Symbol = 55.57 − 4.52 ( ID 1 ) n.s. − 5.21 ( IIIB 5 ) .03 + 2.01 ( Educ ) .04 − 0.4 2 ( Age ) .0009 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_43_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.37 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Digit Span = 12.46 − 1.08 ( IC 3 ) n.s. − 1.06 ( IIIB 2 b ) n.s. + 0 , 08 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.04 ( Age ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_44_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.14 n.s. |
|
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Block Design = 29.81 − 19.9 6 ( IIB 1 ) .04 + 1.74 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.16 ( Age ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_45_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.15 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Object Assembly = 34.10 − 14.53 ( IIB 1 c ) .009 + 1.42 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0. 25 ( Age ) .008 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_46_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.30 |
|
|
a |
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Rod/Frame = 9.50 − 1.79 ( IB 1 ) n.s. − 0.14 ( IIB 1 b ) n.s. − 0.44 ( IIIA 2 a ) .05 − 3.39 ( IIIB 2 a ) .009 + 0.06 ( Educ. ) n.s. − 0.02 ( Age ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_47_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.33 |
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Benton Visual = 7.58 − 0.2 8 ( IIB 1 b ) n.s. − 2.7 2 ( IID 1 ) n.s. − 0. 20 ( IIIA 2 a ) n.s. + 0.42 ( Educ . ) .03 − 0.09 ( Age ) .0005 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_48_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
||
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https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Shipley Hartford-Verbal = 18.75 − 3.70 ( ID 2 ) .004 − 7.83 ( IB 1 c ) .02 + 11.95 ( IIE 1 ) .003 + 2.01 ( Educ . ) .0002 + 0.07 ( Age ) n.s. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_49_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
.51 |
|
|
https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Shipley Hartford-Abstract = 10.62 − 2.84 ( IIIA 2 b ) .03 + 6.93 ( IIIA 3 ) .03 + 1.2 3 ( Educ . ) .01 − 0.12 ( Age ) .03 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315827452/68def583-c1b6-4021-8b99-c8c26d0a840b/content/inline-math_50_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
||
Values used in our calculations (if different from normal clinical usage):
TPT, 45.0 (TPT total time).
Trails A, 120 (time to complete task).
Trails B, 360 (time to complete task).
Categories, 208 (number incorrect).
Rod/Frame, 10.0 (mean deviation from zero, poorest of two sides).
Key to educational level:
1 = some grade school
2 = finished grade school
3 = some high school
4 = finished high school
5 =some college
6 = finished college
7 = attended grad./professional school after college.
