ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the methodology of interactions, integration and creative evolution as derived from Tawhidi epistemology and formulated in the interactive, integrative and evolutionary-model and as exemplified by the features of the tree and agriculture in Qur’anic terms, applied to the consumption, production and distributional menus of the Islamic political economy. Consumer preferences in the utilitarian framework of decision-making are generated on the basis of methodological individualism. This is the consequence of the methodology of optimality, equilibrium and competing behaviour due to scarcity of resources and self-interest. Because of the independence of such attributes and tastes outside the market venue, consumer preferences in the utilitarian framework remain exogenously provided as datum. Much of economic and political theories have been premised on certain versions of utilitarian social contract. Neoclassical economics treats xij to be either all substitutes or substitutes in groups of complementarities.
