ABSTRACT
In terms of modern Japanese history, 1945 marks a significant turning point, which saw the implementation of significant educational reforms. These precipitated a dramatic transformation of educational ideals and of the entire school system. Before World War II Japanese education emphasised indoctrination in ‘national morality’, fidelity and obedience, as set out in the Imperial Rescript on Education or Kyoiku Chokugo of 1890. A new constitution and Fundamental Law of education were formulated in 1947, establishing new ideals and principles. Democracy and pacifism now became the leading ideals, replacing ultra-nationalism and militarism. The contrast between the old and new order was marked: education became a right, rather than a duty, and freedom, respect for individuality, egalitarianism and internationalism were now emphasised in place of control, conformism, elitism and nationalism.
