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Jeu as nte -A A u fr g ic uasnt. T lo h w ese in tropospheric jetstr ea le mvc el l , u de antdhew su e b st t ro A pi f c ri aclan ea st m er ildy -, deve s. These fast-moving upper pre Spoa lo re pdendes th srpoou li gch ie s s . ound early warning and disaster ltehveeltw ra inn cieties in sdpsoh rt avoeffamr-o re is atcuhrien , g m im opmaecn ts tuwm it , hproelslpuetcatnttso , reeflfyorh ts e , a w vi h ly icohndp ev o e st l -o dpiisnagstceorurnetlr ie ie fsa , ned sp reech ia alb ly ilA ita fr tiicoan , a an tm dop sp es htesr , ic to dgyentahm er ic w s. ith many other aspects of the tdo is atshtee rs s . evIen re imm ake them m creas peadc ts vuo ln fed ra ro o u re ghatn bility doafnmdsooo re th vulnerable Tropical cyclones have both direct and indirect severe consequences of natural disasters c iet eyrn to a tu t r led to th haeliam ss poacc ia ts t ed onwK ith entyhaensrtarionn fa gll. w T in hdes , doic re ecatniwmapvaecst , saanrdefdoerc la N ra attiuornalofDtihsea st 1e9r90Rseadsuc th ti eon In t ( eIrD na N ti D on R a ) l D by e ca th deeaen xc yescsyicvleonperew cip e ith it iant io th netw ha etstoec rn cu Irnw di haennO th ceeaenffeex ct tsenodfpUrnoim te odteNdaitsiaosn te s. rpTrheevemna ti joonraonbd je cptrievpearoefdInD es NsD th R ro iusgthocolv im er atK ol eongyiac . a l It sh hit the Keny arneccoorod uld be as s t . shTohwen th o a ted ind tino th cayt rect ecflto he fe nce ts ahvaaosileafavbe le rcdo ev n e ce ny dama lo rgp te e, in dgc in otuen rn tr aiteiso , ntaol re adcu ti coen , l os esspo ecially in the cyclone, however, occur when the cyclone is far from often as so acnid at esdocw io it ehconnaotm ur iacld di issa ru st petrisofn li , few , hpircohpea rt ryet it hserceegn io tr n e , butthsetrie ll bayt tra in cttesrtfhee ri n re g g io wniatlh wi tnhdes to n w or a m rd aslh at etlip tu tdoess hi tfhtattheap re o st p -d re is vaaslteenrt re iln ie f and . r T eh haeb se il it cao ti uolnd circ Culloas ti e on patterns of the many developing general ciin rc te urlaac ti t o io nnsohvaevrerbeegeinonoabl winds. the regi soenrvaendd between the cou A n tr n ies the extra-includin egw . th d e im feuntsuiroen re to cu rnraetnucrealocflidm ro at uegh variability, tsryosp te ic masl , wmeiadtlhaetr it u sy dsetewmesstle ik r e li etsh , e N fr oorn th ta lAatn la dntb ic lo coksicn il g tchuerrternatdigtlioobnaallcsopn ac cee -r t n im aebopuattttehrenspootfengtlioablacths, a n is geth in e T la e ti l climate, Ke l o ec n o , nenae st Atlantic pat nyan rai cntfiaolnlsanhdavEeNaSltseor ns b , eeanndobEsuerravse ia dpbaetttw erns. inclu O, quasi-biennial oscillati eoenn , h cl u im madt ing the space-time ch an eaecvteinvtis ti etsh . roSuug ch h e im nv piarcoanrm ac e te nrtiasltidces gr oafdaetx io tre ts are currently subj nembey intraseasonal wave, and so forth. The influence of the of many studies and debates, as reflected in the 19 c9t5sw co a m te prlebxod topographical patterns and the large inland Intergovernmental Pane inland wat ieersbiosdv ie e s ry insc ig lu n d if eicL an ak teinViKce to nryiaa . , w Th h e ic h la h rg aess in c d ie inctaitfe ic d ‘d aisssceesrsnm ib elnet inf olfoncC lim lim a ate Change (IPCC) an area of about 70,000 km2 and is the second largest the recent climate trends l ’ u . eInPcCeCof te change, which freshwater lake in the world. The complex topo ever, that no conclusive evidence ( 1h9u9m5a ) nnaoctteid vi , tiheosw in K gr i a li p m hical patterns include Mt. Kenya, Mt. human-can be derived fo anjaro, and the Great Rift Valley with its accurate inmdeutcheoddscf li omrattheed ch et aencgte io nsiagnnd al s a tt urn ib ti ult io mnoroercaltitm en a d te anptroccheasisnesofcamnobuentoab in ta s i . n D ed e ta fr i o ls of the regional natural/anthropoge f Anyamba 1992, Fremming 1970, manOdg al F lo in 1d9 la 9 te 3 r , acn ha dng ac e cu si rgan te a ls cla im re atanv ic a ilab ( lhe, u m to agne -t ihnedrucweid th ) ad celq im ua attee 1966. tch li e m si ast . ecSheavnegrees , icnocnes lu eddqau ta e n for testing various hypo patterns of extreme clim iantge ces ecvheanntgseosf in htuhmeasnp -a icned -u ti c m ed e like drought, would cDorm ou pgohntenatnsdoofthnear tu erxatl reme climate events are normal h ca ig ll hlfiogrhtceld ea brym th it eigIaPtC io C n . and adaptation policies, as iam nd pacco ts m m of onthpehseenon me n in atew ra o n rl nduwaildceliemvaetreyvyaeraira . b T ili htey men Gtlaolbadlegcroandcae ti ronnapbrooucte ss heusmaannd -i nsduusc ta eidn ab ein li vtiyr on o f m an idn im ad al eqiuna the de atural disasters, however, te drou v g el hotpesdhoccokunatbrs ie osrbw er hserheaveef fi b ci aernettniaetsurlaeld re to so u een Conference th rc ees vita on o rga Enlnivstao ir t most o io nnmeonfs ocioecon t the anUdn it oemd ic Naat ctivi Sustain iaobn le s
DOI link for Jeu as nte -A A u fr g ic uasnt. T lo h w ese in tropospheric jetstr ea le mvc el l , u de antdhew su e b st t ro A pi f c ri aclan ea st m er ildy -, deve s. These fast-moving upper pre Spoa lo re pdendes th srpoou li gch ie s s . ound early warning and disaster ltehveeltw ra inn cieties in sdpsoh rt avoeffamr-o re is atcuhrien , g m im opmaecn ts tuwm it , hproelslpuetcatnttso , reeflfyorh ts e , a w vi h ly icohndp ev o e st l -o dpiisnagstceorurnetlr ie ie fsa , ned sp reech ia alb ly ilA ita fr tiicoan , a an tm dop sp es htesr , ic to dgyentahm er ic w s. ith many other aspects of the tdo is atshtee rs s . evIen re imm ake them m creas peadc ts vuo ln fed ra ro o u re ghatn bility doafnmdsooo re th vulnerable Tropical cyclones have both direct and indirect severe consequences of natural disasters c iet eyrn to a tu t r led to th haeliam ss poacc ia ts t ed onwK ith entyhaensrtarionn fa gll. w T in hdes , doic re ecatniwmapvaecst , saanrdefdoerc la N ra attiuornalofDtihsea st 1e9r90Rseadsuc th ti eon In t ( eIrD na N ti D on R a ) l D by e ca th deeaen xc yescsyicvleonperew cip e ith it iant io th netw ha etstoec rn cu Irnw di haennO th ceeaenffeex ct tsenodfpUrnoim te odteNdaitsiaosn te s. rpTrheevemna ti joonraonbd je cptrievpearoefdInD es NsD th R ro iusgthocolv im er atK ol eongyiac . a l It sh hit the Keny arneccoorod uld be as s t . shTohwen th o a ted ind tino th cayt rect ecflto he fe nce ts ahvaaosileafavbe le rcdo ev n e ce ny dama lo rgp te e, in dgc in otuen rn tr aiteiso , ntaol re adcu ti coen , l os esspo ecially in the cyclone, however, occur when the cyclone is far from often as so acnid at esdocw io it ehconnaotm ur iacld di issa ru st petrisofn li , few , hpircohpea rt ryet it hserceegn io tr n e , butthsetrie ll bayt tra in cttesrtfhee ri n re g g io wniatlh wi tnhdes to n w or a m rd aslh at etlip tu tdoess hi tfhtattheap re o st p -d re is vaaslteenrt re iln ie f and . r T eh haeb se il it cao ti uolnd circ Culloas ti e on patterns of the many developing general ciin rc te urlaac ti t o io nnsohvaevrerbeegeinonoabl winds. the regi soenrvaendd between the cou A n tr n ies the extra-includin egw . th d e im feuntsuiroen re to cu rnraetnucrealocflidm ro at uegh variability, tsryosp te ic masl , wmeiadtlhaetr it u sy dsetewmesstle ik r e li etsh , e N fr oorn th ta lAatn la dntb ic lo coksicn il g tchuerrternatdigtlioobnaallcsopn ac cee -r t n im aebopuattttehrenspootfengtlioablacths, a n is geth in e T la e ti l climate, Ke l o ec n o , nenae st Atlantic pat nyan rai cntfiaolnlsanhdavEeNaSltseor ns b , eeanndobEsuerravse ia dpbaetttw erns. inclu O, quasi-biennial oscillati eoenn , h cl u im madt ing the space-time ch an eaecvteinvtis ti etsh . roSuug ch h e im nv piarcoanrm ac e te nrtiasltidces gr oafdaetx io tre ts are currently subj nembey intraseasonal wave, and so forth. The influence of the of many studies and debates, as reflected in the 19 c9t5sw co a m te prlebxod topographical patterns and the large inland Intergovernmental Pane inland wat ieersbiosdv ie e s ry insc ig lu n d if eicL an ak teinViKce to nryiaa . , w Th h e ic h la h rg aess in c d ie inctaitfe ic d ‘d aisssceesrsnm ib elnet inf olfoncC lim lim a ate Change (IPCC) an area of about 70,000 km2 and is the second largest the recent climate trends l ’ u . eInPcCeCof te change, which freshwater lake in the world. The complex topo ever, that no conclusive evidence ( 1h9u9m5a ) nnaoctteid vi , tiheosw in K gr i a li p m hical patterns include Mt. Kenya, Mt. human-can be derived fo anjaro, and the Great Rift Valley with its accurate inmdeutcheoddscf li omrattheed ch et aencgte io nsiagnnd al s a tt urn ib ti ult io mnoroercaltitm en a d te anptroccheasisnesofcamnobuentoab in ta s i . n D ed e ta fr i o ls of the regional natural/anthropoge f Anyamba 1992, Fremming 1970, manOdg al F lo in 1d9 la 9 te 3 r , acn ha dng ac e cu si rgan te a ls cla im re atanv ic a ilab ( lhe, u m to agne -t ihnedrucweid th ) ad celq im ua attee 1966. tch li e m si ast . ecSheavnegrees , icnocnes lu eddqau ta e n for testing various hypo patterns of extreme clim iantge ces ecvheanntgseosf in htuhmeasnp -a icned -u ti c m ed e like drought, would cDorm ou pgohntenatnsdoofthnear tu erxatl reme climate events are normal h ca ig ll hlfiogrhtceld ea brym th it eigIaPtC io C n . and adaptation policies, as iam nd pacco ts m m of onthpehseenon me n in atew ra o n rl nduwaildceliemvaetreyvyaeraira . b T ili htey men Gtlaolbadlegcroandcae ti ronnapbrooucte ss heusmaannd -i nsduusc ta eidn ab ein li vtiyr on o f m an idn im ad al eqiuna the de atural disasters, however, te drou v g el hotpesdhoccokunatbrs ie osrbw er hserheaveef fi b ci aernettniaetsurlaeld re to so u een Conference th rc ees vita on o rga Enlnivstao ir t most o io nnmeonfs ocioecon t the anUdn it oemd ic Naat ctivi Sustain iaobn le s
Jeu as nte -A A u fr g ic uasnt. T lo h w ese in tropospheric jetstr ea le mvc el l , u de antdhew su e b st t ro A pi f c ri aclan ea st m er ildy -, deve s. These fast-moving upper pre Spoa lo re pdendes th srpoou li gch ie s s . ound early warning and disaster ltehveeltw ra inn cieties in sdpsoh rt avoeffamr-o re is atcuhrien , g m im opmaecn ts tuwm it , hproelslpuetcatnttso , reeflfyorh ts e , a w vi h ly icohndp ev o e st l -o dpiisnagstceorurnetlr ie ie fsa , ned sp reech ia alb ly ilA ita fr tiicoan , a an tm dop sp es htesr , ic to dgyentahm er ic w s. ith many other aspects of the tdo is atshtee rs s . evIen re imm ake them m creas peadc ts vuo ln fed ra ro o u re ghatn bility doafnmdsooo re th vulnerable Tropical cyclones have both direct and indirect severe consequences of natural disasters c iet eyrn to a tu t r led to th haeliam ss poacc ia ts t ed onwK ith entyhaensrtarionn fa gll. w T in hdes , doic re ecatniwmapvaecst , saanrdefdoerc la N ra attiuornalofDtihsea st 1e9r90Rseadsuc th ti eon In t ( eIrD na N ti D on R a ) l D by e ca th deeaen xc yescsyicvleonperew cip e ith it iant io th netw ha etstoec rn cu Irnw di haennO th ceeaenffeex ct tsenodfpUrnoim te odteNdaitsiaosn te s. rpTrheevemna ti joonraonbd je cptrievpearoefdInD es NsD th R ro iusgthocolv im er atK ol eongyiac . a l It sh hit the Keny arneccoorod uld be as s t . shTohwen th o a ted ind tino th cayt rect ecflto he fe nce ts ahvaaosileafavbe le rcdo ev n e ce ny dama lo rgp te e, in dgc in otuen rn tr aiteiso , ntaol re adcu ti coen , l os esspo ecially in the cyclone, however, occur when the cyclone is far from often as so acnid at esdocw io it ehconnaotm ur iacld di issa ru st petrisofn li , few , hpircohpea rt ryet it hserceegn io tr n e , butthsetrie ll bayt tra in cttesrtfhee ri n re g g io wniatlh wi tnhdes to n w or a m rd aslh at etlip tu tdoess hi tfhtattheap re o st p -d re is vaaslteenrt re iln ie f and . r T eh haeb se il it cao ti uolnd circ Culloas ti e on patterns of the many developing general ciin rc te urlaac ti t o io nnsohvaevrerbeegeinonoabl winds. the regi soenrvaendd between the cou A n tr n ies the extra-includin egw . th d e im feuntsuiroen re to cu rnraetnucrealocflidm ro at uegh variability, tsryosp te ic masl , wmeiadtlhaetr it u sy dsetewmesstle ik r e li etsh , e N fr oorn th ta lAatn la dntb ic lo coksicn il g tchuerrternatdigtlioobnaallcsopn ac cee -r t n im aebopuattttehrenspootfengtlioablacths, a n is geth in e T la e ti l climate, Ke l o ec n o , nenae st Atlantic pat nyan rai cntfiaolnlsanhdavEeNaSltseor ns b , eeanndobEsuerravse ia dpbaetttw erns. inclu O, quasi-biennial oscillati eoenn , h cl u im madt ing the space-time ch an eaecvteinvtis ti etsh . roSuug ch h e im nv piarcoanrm ac e te nrtiasltidces gr oafdaetx io tre ts are currently subj nembey intraseasonal wave, and so forth. The influence of the of many studies and debates, as reflected in the 19 c9t5sw co a m te prlebxod topographical patterns and the large inland Intergovernmental Pane inland wat ieersbiosdv ie e s ry insc ig lu n d if eicL an ak teinViKce to nryiaa . , w Th h e ic h la h rg aess in c d ie inctaitfe ic d ‘d aisssceesrsnm ib elnet inf olfoncC lim lim a ate Change (IPCC) an area of about 70,000 km2 and is the second largest the recent climate trends l ’ u . eInPcCeCof te change, which freshwater lake in the world. The complex topo ever, that no conclusive evidence ( 1h9u9m5a ) nnaoctteid vi , tiheosw in K gr i a li p m hical patterns include Mt. Kenya, Mt. human-can be derived fo anjaro, and the Great Rift Valley with its accurate inmdeutcheoddscf li omrattheed ch et aencgte io nsiagnnd al s a tt urn ib ti ult io mnoroercaltitm en a d te anptroccheasisnesofcamnobuentoab in ta s i . n D ed e ta fr i o ls of the regional natural/anthropoge f Anyamba 1992, Fremming 1970, manOdg al F lo in 1d9 la 9 te 3 r , acn ha dng ac e cu si rgan te a ls cla im re atanv ic a ilab ( lhe, u m to agne -t ihnedrucweid th ) ad celq im ua attee 1966. tch li e m si ast . ecSheavnegrees , icnocnes lu eddqau ta e n for testing various hypo patterns of extreme clim iantge ces ecvheanntgseosf in htuhmeasnp -a icned -u ti c m ed e like drought, would cDorm ou pgohntenatnsdoofthnear tu erxatl reme climate events are normal h ca ig ll hlfiogrhtceld ea brym th it eigIaPtC io C n . and adaptation policies, as iam nd pacco ts m m of onthpehseenon me n in atew ra o n rl nduwaildceliemvaetreyvyaeraira . b T ili htey men Gtlaolbadlegcroandcae ti ronnapbrooucte ss heusmaannd -i nsduusc ta eidn ab ein li vtiyr on o f m an idn im ad al eqiuna the de atural disasters, however, te drou v g el hotpesdhoccokunatbrs ie osrbw er hserheaveef fi b ci aernettniaetsurlaeld re to so u een Conference th rc ees vita on o rga Enlnivstao ir t most o io nnmeonfs ocioecon t the anUdn it oemd ic Naat ctivi Sustain iaobn le s
ABSTRACT