ABSTRACT
The Four Principles model is one of the most widely used frameworks in consideration of ethical problems:
Respect for autonomy: Respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices.
Beneficence: Balancing the benefits of treatment against the risks and costs; the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient.
Non-maleficence: The healthcare professional should not harm the patient. All treatment involves some harm, even if minimal, but the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment.
Justice: Distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly; the notion that patients in similar positions should be treated in a similar manner.
