ABSTRACT
The late 19th century saw several attempts to protest racial discrimination and Washingtonian accommodationism. Because the Afro-American Council continued to be dominated by Washingtonians, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois Bois insisted that something more be done. W. E. B Bois was born to a working-class family in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in 1868, the year of president Andrew Johnson's impeachment; he died in self-imposed exile in the West African nation of Ghana in 1963, at the time of the civil rights March on Washington. He resigned his professorship at Atlanta University and accepted an invitation to become the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACPs) director of publications and research, any hope of a rapprochement between the association and the Tuskegee Machine was lost. Already perceived as Washington's most formidable critic, Du Bois, as editor of the Crisis, cemented his reputation as the most gifted propagandist of the black protest impulse.
