ABSTRACT
The revolutions of 1830 were all protests against particular aspects of the peace settlement of 1814-15. The new order which the monarchs and statesmen of the great powers had imposed upon the states of Europe was condemned by liberals and nationalists as an old order, incapable of satisfying the aspirations of the people of Europe. As regards the European states system, it was in the field of Franco-Russian relations that the July revolution made its most decisive impact. Whereas the restored Bourbon Monarchy had regarded Russia as its most likely ally, its successor saw Russia as its most inveterate enemy. The London conference opened in November 1830. By late December the five powers had agreed that Belgium should form an independent state. The French revolution of 1848 revived for a second time the fear that a revolutionary regime in France would attempt to destroy the 1815 settlement by a war of conquest and liberation.
