ABSTRACT

Harold was fully aware of the dangers he faced from his enemies after his coronation. Tostig, with the precedent of the events of 1051–2 in mind, was likely to invade from Flanders in order to extort the restoration of his earldom. The duke of Normandy was bound to intervene. A probe might even be expected from a Scandinavian ruler or adventurer. Harold quickly gave notice that he would resist his enemies with all the resources available to him and with all the determination and valour for which he was renowned. He was supported from the beginning by at least one brother — possibly Gyrth, although this one had usually paired with Tostig — and both Gyrth and Leofwine were with him at the end. Moreover, he could expect loyalty and support from the whole country, for no class or individual had anything to gain from his displacement.