ABSTRACT
For a balanced study of the Vikings see .Peter Foote and David M. Wilson, The Viking Achievement: the Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia (London, 1980). On the effects of the Viking invasions in the Carolingian Empire see Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdom under the Carolingians, 751-987 (London and New York, 1983), especially pp. 229-339. Richard Southern describes the lay control of the church in the eleventh century in The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven, Conn. 1961), especially pp. 118-34. On monastic reforms from Benedict of Nursia to the founding of Cluny see the masterful brief survey by David Knowles, The Monastic Order in England, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 1963), pp. 3-30. On the origins of Cluny in the tenth century, see Barbara Rosenwein, Rhinoceros Bound. Cluny in the Tenth Century (Philadelphia, Pa., 1982). On monastic life at Cluny see Joan Evans, Monastic Life at Cluny, 910-1157 (Oxford, 1931). On missionary activity see Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions, 2nd edn, The Pelican History of the Church, vol. 6 (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1986), especially pp. 70-96. On early medieval canon law see Roger E. Reynolds, 'Law, Canon: to Gratian' In The Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York, 1986),7:395-413.
