ABSTRACT
The mercurial Tsar Alexander I, who now saw himself as both the liberator and the arbiter of Europe, skipped lightly from one alternative to another. One moment his solution was a new French Republic for which he would supply a constitution, the next it was Sweden's Bernadotte as king of France, and so on through several other possibilities. The French now surrendered the slices of Savoy and Flanders left to them by the first treaty, as well as the Alsatian fortress of Landau to the German Confederation and all territory north of the Lauter River in the Rhenish Palatinate to the kingdom of Bavaria. Before turning from the story of diplomatic and military relations to that of internal politics, we should perhaps ask to what extent, and in what respects, the European state system of 1830 still resembled and how much it had come to differ from that of 1780.
