ABSTRACT
Although theories about ecclesiastical autonomy and papal power reached the peak of their development just about the time they were dismissed, the claims were rooted in a vision of the Church in the world. Cardinal John Lemoine, for example, defended the bull Unam sanctam because there were four ends in life: physical health, personal moral virtue, the good of the multitude or society and the good of the eternal soul. To use the monk's image, Giles's clerical Marys were to be supported by unnaturally subservient lay Marthas. The attempt to deprive the Marthas of some exercise of leadership had never really worked even among the religious. When applied to monarchies and republics and to their subjects and citizens, this deprivation did not fare half as well. Perhaps the people only support religious leaders who sing the tunes they wish to hear; and that, as the lay spirit became more powerful and capable; layfolk cast their priests and monks aside.
