ABSTRACT
The great conflict inspired a no less remarkable pamphlet war, and from this it discovers with some precision the intellectual roots of the dispute. At the turn of 1075 and 1076 tension between Gregory VII and Henry IV was transformed into open war; and empire and papacy were not at peace with one another until Gregory had been dead thirty-seven years and Henry sixteen. Theoretical acceptance of papal headship became more widespread; the more fanciful and eccentric anti-papal theories were dropped, or went underground. Rome was the ancient, traditional hub of civilisation in the western world; it contained the tombs of more early martyrs than any other city; it was the goal of countless pilgrims. In 1074 papal legates had come to Germany to deal with Herman and Saxon revolt, and a complex situation ensued. The Bamberg affair was settled by the canons of Bamberg cathedral, which finally rebelled against Herman, and compelled the king to be rid of him.
