ABSTRACT
The last chapter discussed international and internal migrations that were encouraged and facilitated by direct government intervention but where the individual was left with some choice about whether to acquiesce. While it is always difficult to decide whether discretion really exists in any particular case, the present chapter focuses upon examples where individuals have only a negligible choice over whether to move or stay, and where, if they exercise this choice, they may face life-threatening circumstances. We are therefore concerned with what Petersen (1958) defined as forced migrations.
