ABSTRACT
Systems, as originally described in the biological sciences, have four basic components: (a) inputs, (b) processes, (c) output, and (d) feedback loops (von Bertalanffy, 1950). In schools as systems, inputs include information from the external environments such as laws, regulations, financial and human resources, and parent or community expectations. Processes include dialogue, teaching and learning, and problem solving. Outputs are the result of the system processes, such as student learning. Feedback is provided by external stakeholders as they judge the value or quality of the outputs.
