ABSTRACT
The above quote is one Malcolm X would often tell his followers. Although newer models look much different than older ones, the fact of the matter is that a Cadillac is still a Cadillac. Likewise, racism is still racism, regardless of how it has changed throughout the years. Time and time again, when minority groups gain access to public services, white backlash follows suit. One instance in which this occurred includes the post-bellum era when newly freed black slaves entered into developing public schools. White communities banded together to oppose black education and engage in political tactics that hoarded white resources from funding black education. Another includes the civil rights era, when de jure segregation was outlawed and federal orders mandated schools to integrate. Ruby Nell Bridges Hall in Louisiana, the courageous Little Rock Nine in Arkansas,2 Rita Buchanan and Linda McKinley in Nashville, Tennessee, and countless others across the U.S. witnessed white outrage that ranged from derogatory racial remarks to racial terrorism to tax revolts.
