The structure of war and strikes cover

During the Napoleonic Wars the practice of excluding these war risks became common2

and this practice continued into the twentieth century so that the first standard Institute Cargo Clauses, introduced on 1 August 1912, excluded war and similar perils with the following Clause:3

‘‘Free of Capture, Seizure etc. Clause Warranted free of capture seizure and detention, and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat, piracy excepted, and also from all consequences of hostilities or warlike operations, whether before or after declaration of war.’’