The West and the Spanish-American War Years

Henry O. Flipper’s Army career ended before John Hanks Alexander and Charles Young’s cadetships started. In 1882 after five years of service Flipper was discharged for conduct unbecoming an officer. More than one hundred years after his graduation Flipper’s name was cleared by a review board that found he had been unjustly treated and Flipper received a presidential pardon. ¹ Flipper told his story as an officer on the Western frontier in his memoirs, the Negro Frontiersman. ²